This course is structured in “15” one-to-two-hour elements. Because sections 3 through 7 utilize a case history to demonstrate hydraulic fracturing physics and techniques, they need to be taken in sequence to gain full benefit of the material. The course utilizes Excel spreadsheets to demonstrate the use and application of the various elements of the course using a simple 2-D fracture design.
Audience: For engineers currently in “field” or “operations” assignment
(or scheduled for field or operations assignment within two months of course date)

Course description: The course emphasizes the multi-disciplinary nature of hydraulic fracturing, covering the “Reservoir Engineering” aspects, integrated with the “Fracture Mechanics” aspects, and coupled with “Operational” considerations. This integration presents how to recognize opportunities for fracturing from shale and hard rock tight gas to offshore “frac-pack” completions, how to estimate required data for planning and preparing preliminary job designs, how to design, perform, and analyze pre-frac tests, and finally how to arrive at an “optimum” final design.

Learning objectives:
• Gain general knowledge in basic theory and application of hydraulic fracturing.
• How to recognize wells/formations as good fracture candidates.
• Develop step-by-step procedure for estimating variables and developing preliminary treatment design goals and pump schedule designs.
• How to use fracturing pressure analysis to “check” preliminary estimates and to develop a final design pump schedule.
• How to evaluate/select appropriate materials (fluid/proppant) for fracturing applications.
• How to combining all aspects of “fracturing” for fracture optimization.
• How to perform the critical field QC for good fracturing results.
Course content:

• Reservoir Engineering: Fundamental “Reservoir Engineering “aspects if hydraulic fracture design, predicting well performance improvement, etc.
• Rock mechanics: How in situ stresses are generated as a function of depth, reservoir pressure, and geologic structure. How is in situ stress measured?
• Fracture Mechanics: What are the major variables that control fracture geometry, and proppant placement? How do we recognize the critical parameters for a specific application?
• Fracture Pressure Analysis: How to design and then analyze pre-frac tests to measure critical design parameters, be that fluid loss, height growth, or other components
• Pump schedule: What are the different “types” of fracture pump schedules, and how & when fracturing pressure data defines the final design pump schedule?
• Materials: What are the important properties for fracturing materials (fluid/proppant) and how should these properties be weighted and evaluated for specific applications?

01-01 – Hydraulic Fracturing Market
01-02 – Course Objectives
01-03 – What is Hydraulic Fracturing
01-04 – Fracturing as an Integrated Technology

02-01 – First Experimental and First Commercial Frac Treatments
02-02 – Treating Iron
02-03 – Wellhead Rig-up
02-04 – Equipment Setup
02-05 – Equipment and Pump Descriptions
02-06 – Job Setup
02-07 – Offshore Workboats
02-08 – Safety and Hazards

03-01 – The Many Stresses/Pressures Experienced in Fracturing
03-02 – Stress Magnitude
03-03 – Effect of Geologic Structures
03-04 – Stress Logs and Borehole Breakouts
03-05 – Stress Azimuth Effects
03-06 – Determination of Stress Differences
03-07 – Stress Measurement
03-08 – Effect of Stress on Proppant
03-09 – Demonstration of Stress and Proppant Conductivity using Spreadsheet and Fracschool 1 Problem

04-01 – Variables Affecting Post -Frac Productivity
04-02 – Flow Regimes
04-03 – Equivalent Wellbore Radius (Rw’)
04-04 – Dimensionless Fracture Conductivity (Fcd)
04-05 – Calculation of “Folds of Increase” FOI
04-06 – Limitation of the Calculation
04-07 – Folds of Increase for Acid Fracturing
04-08 – Fracture Transient Flow Effects
04-09 – Natural Fractures

05-01 – Basic theory – Material Balance Equation
05-02 = H vs Hloss vs Hnet
05-03 – Variables and Their Definitions
05-04 – PKN, GdK and Radial Fracture Models
05-05 – Fracture Geometry and Net Pressure
05-06 – Apparent Toughness
05-07 – In-Situ Stress Variations vs Fracture Height
05-08 – Lumped Pseudo 3D Model
05-09 – Sensitivity Problem Exercise and Results

06-01 – Fracture Height
06-02 – Modulus
06-03 – Fluid Loss
06-04 – K1c
06-05 – Fluid Viscosity
06-06 – Pump Rate
06-07 – Development of a Basis of Design Using Spreadsheet

07-01 – Perfect Transport Fluids
07-02 – Banking Fluids
07-03 – Tip Screenout (TSO) Designs
07-04 – Develop a Pump Schedule for Fracschool 1 Using Spreadsheet

08-01 – Pressure Analysis Workflow
08-02 – Micro-Frac Stress Tests
08-03 – Step-Rate Tests
08-04 – DFIT Injection-Decline Stress Test
08-05 – Mini-Frac
08-06 – Constant Rate Flow Back Test
08-07 – Pulse/Rebound Test
08-08 – Step-Down Test
08-09 – Pressure Decline Behavior Type Curve
08-10 – “β” Factor Net Pressure Correction
08-11 – Material Balance from Closure Time vs Pressure Behavior From ∆P* and Ps
08-12 – Dimensionless Closure Time vs Fluid Efficiency
08-13 – Exercise using Fracschool 1 and Spreadsheet

09-01 – Bottomhole Treating Pressure Interpretation
09-02 – Nolte-Smith Diagnostic Log-Log Net Pressure Plot
09-03 – Nolte-Smith Field Examples
09-04 – Fracture Videos
09-05 – Exercise Using Fracschool 1 and Spreadsheet

10-01 – Importance of Conductivity
10-02 – Proppant Types
10-03 – Proppant Usage and Forecast
10-04 – Natural Frac Sands
10-05 – Resin Coated Proppants
10-06 – Ceramic Proppants
10-07 – Gravel Selection for Unconsolidated Sands
10-08 – Long Term Conductivity Measurements
10-09 – API Standards for Proppants
10-10 – “Other” Proppants (tagged, Chemical tracers, Ultra lightweight etc.)
10-11 – Conductivity Loss Mechanisms
10-12 – Flow Convergence

11-01 – Rheological Models
11-02 – Frac Fluid Types and Additives
11-03 – Guar and Guar Based Derivatives
11-04 – HPG, CMG and CMHPG
11-05 – Friction Reducers
11-06 – Visco-Elastic Thickeners
11-07 – Crosslinkers
11-08 – Breakers
11-09 – Other Additives (pH buffers, Gel Stabilizers, FLA, Clay Control)
11-10 – Oil Based Fracturing Fluids
11-11 – Shear History Viscosity Measurements

12-01 – Post-Frac Temperature Surveys
12-02 – Temperature Surveys
12-03 – Post Frac Radioactive Tracers
12-04 – Chemical Tracers
12-05 – Micro Seismic Monitoring
12-06 – Distributed Fiber Optic Sensing (DTS and DAS)
12-07 – Tiltmeters

13-01 – Normal Perforating Gun Questions
13-02 – Geomechanics of Horizontal Wells
13-03 – Stage and Cluster Spacing
13-04 – Limited Entry and Perforation Erosion

14-01 – What is Quality Control
14-02 – Pre-Job Planning
14-03 – Logistics and Planning
14-04 – Operation and Location Limits
14-05 – Environmental Stewardship
14-06 – Water Source and Quality
14-07 – Fluid Testing and QC
14-08 – Proppant Testing and QC
14-09 – Pre-job Safety Meeting
14-10 – Frac QC Checklist
14-11 – Execution QC and Monitoring
14-12 – Post Frac QC
14-13 – Service Evaluation Form
14-14 – Safety Video “There are no Clowns”

15-01 – Estimate Design Variables
15-02 – Design Goals
15-03 – Fracturing Pressure Data/Pressure History Matching
15-04 – Final Design & Economics

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